Understanding Colorectal Polyps: What It Means and What Are the Risks

What is a Polyp?

Polyps are abnormal growths that form on the lining of your colon or rectum. Most polyps are benign (non-cancerous), but some types can eventually develop into colorectal cancer if not detected and removed early.

Types of Polyps

1. Adenomatous Polyps (Adenomas): These polyps are the most common. Though most adenomas don't turn into cancer, the majority of colorectal cancers originate from these types of polyps. Adenomas are considered pre-cancerous.

2. Hyperplastic Polyps and Inflammatory Polyps: Generally, these polyps are not pre-cancerous. However, large hyperplastic polyps, particularly those located on the right side of the colon, are of more concern and may require further evaluation.

3. Serrated Polyps: These types of polyps can also become cancerous, depending on their size and location in the colon.

Risk of Malignancy

Not all polyps become cancerous. The chance of a polyp turning into cancer depends on several factors:

1. Type of Polyp: Adenomas and some serrated polyps are more likely to become cancerous.

2. Size: Polyps larger than 1 cm in diameter have a greater risk of becoming cancerous.

3. Number: Having two or more polyps increases the risk of colorectal cancer.

4. Dysplasia: This term refers to cells within the polyp that look abnormal under a microscope, which can indicate a higher risk of becoming cancerous.

Risk Factors

Certain factors can increase your risk of developing colorectal polyps and colorectal cancer:

1. Age: Most people with colorectal polyps are 50 or older.

2. Personal and Family History: If you or family members have had polyps or colorectal cancer, you're more likely to develop these yourself.

3. Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, lack of physical exercise, smoking, heavy alcohol use, and a diet high in red or processed meats can increase your risk.

Follow-up Care After Polyp Removal

If a polyp is removed during a colonoscopy, it is usually examined under a microscope to determine its type and whether it's cancerous. Depending on the type, size, and number of polyps, your doctor will recommend when you should have your next colonoscopy. This can range from a few months to several years.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle - including a diet high in fiber and low in red and processed meats, regular exercise, avoiding smoking, and moderating alcohol intake - can lower your risk of polyps and colorectal cancer.